Question 1Which hormone is primarily secreted by the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex? A) CortisolB) AldosteroneC) AndrostenedioneD) Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)E) Epinephrine Question 2Which of the following is the main function of cortisol, secreted by the zona fasciculata? A) Regulating sodium and water balanceB) Suppressing the immune response and increasing blood glucose levelsC) Promoting sexual development … Read more
Question 1A 55-year-old woman with a BMI of 32 kg/m² is diagnosed with osteoarthritis. She asks if her weight has anything to do with her condition. What would be the most appropriate response? A) Obesity is not related to the development of osteoarthritisB) Obesity is a known risk factor for osteoarthritis, especially in weight-bearing jointsC) … Read more
Question 1Which of the following bisphosphonates has the lowest antiresorptive activity? A) AlendronateB) Zoledronic AcidC) EtidronateD) RisedronateE) Pamidronate Question 2Which of the following is a serious side effect associated with long-term bisphosphonate therapy? A) HypertensionB) Osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ)C) HypercalcemiaD) SeizuresE) Hair loss Question 3Which of the following bisphosphonates is administered intravenously once yearly … Read more
Question 1Which of the following is a common mechanism of action of calcineurin inhibitors such as cyclosporine and tacrolimus in immunosuppression? A) Inhibition of DNA synthesisB) Inhibition of T-cell activation by blocking IL-2 productionC) Stimulation of B-cell proliferationD) Neutralization of TNF-alphaE) Activation of macrophages Correct Answer: B) Inhibition of T-cell activation by blocking IL-2 productionExplanation: … Read more
Question 1Which of the following is the primary mechanism of action of prostaglandin analogs, such as latanoprost, in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma? A) Decrease in aqueous humor productionB) Increase in aqueous humor outflow through the uveoscleral pathwayC) Inhibition of ciliary muscle contractionD) Reduction of intraocular pressure by vasoconstrictionE) Increase in aqueous humor production Question … Read more
Question 1A 50-year-old patient with an acute gout attack receives an intra-articular injection. What does “intra-articular” refer to in this context? A) Injection into the bloodstreamB) Injection into the joint spaceC) Injection into the muscleD) Injection into the skinE) Injection into the bone Question 2A 60-year-old patient with recurrent gout attacks is being treated with … Read more
1.Question:A 35-year-old woman is diagnosed with neurocysticercosis and is prescribed albendazole. What is the primary mechanism of action of albendazole? A) Inhibits DNA synthesis in helminthsB) Binds to glutamate-gated chloride channels in helminthsC) Increases membrane permeability to calcium ions in helminthsD) Inhibits microtubule synthesis in helminthsE) Acts as a depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent in helminths … Read more
Question 1A 55-year-old patient with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is receiving methotrexate therapy at a dose of 25 mg once weekly. The patient develops mucositis and stomatitis 5 days after their last dose. What is the best strategy to minimize this side effect? A) Reduce the methotrexate dose to 10 mg/weekB) Administer leucovorin after each dose … Read more
QuestionA 52-year-old man presents with symptoms of peptic ulcer disease, including burning stomach pain and indigestion. He has a history of chronic NSAID use and occasional alcohol consumption. He is also a smoker. Upon reviewing his lifestyle factors, which of the following is least likely to be a cause of his peptic ulcer? A) NSAID … Read more
Question 1:Which of the following is the mechanism of action of polyenes? A) Inhibition of (1,3)-β-D-glucan synthaseB) Inhibition of lanosterol 14α-demethylaseC) Inhibition of squalene epoxidaseD) Binding to ergosterol in fungal cell membranes, forming poresE) Inhibition of microtubule function Question 2:Which antifungal is primarily used for superficial infections such as oral thrush and is administered as … Read more